Beyond ‘In Order To’: Mastering Purpose Clauses in English

Expressing purpose is a fundamental aspect of English grammar. While “in order to” is a common phrase used for this purpose, relying solely on it can make writing and speech sound repetitive.

This article explores a variety of alternative phrases and grammatical structures that allow you to express purpose with greater nuance and sophistication. Understanding these alternatives will enhance your ability to communicate effectively and precisely, making your English more fluent and engaging.

This guide is beneficial for English language learners of all levels, from beginners looking to expand their vocabulary to advanced speakers aiming to refine their writing style.

By mastering these alternatives, you’ll be able to construct more varied and compelling sentences, improving both your written and spoken communication skills. This comprehensive guide provides definitions, structural breakdowns, examples, usage rules, common mistakes, practice exercises, and frequently asked questions.

Let’s dive in!

Table of Contents

Definition of Purpose Clauses

A purpose clause is a subordinate clause that explains the reason or intention behind an action. It answers the question “Why?” or “For what purpose?”.

These clauses typically begin with subordinating conjunctions or phrases that indicate purpose. Understanding purpose clauses is crucial for constructing complex sentences that effectively convey intentions and motivations.

Purpose clauses are a type of adverbial clause, meaning they function as adverbs, modifying the main verb in the sentence. They provide additional information about the verb, specifically the reason or goal behind the action.

Recognizing and using purpose clauses correctly allows for clearer and more precise communication.

In essence, purpose clauses add depth and context to your sentences. They help you explain *why* something is being done, providing a rationale for the action described in the main clause.

This clarity is especially important in formal writing, presentations, and any situation where precise communication is essential.

Structural Breakdown of Purpose Clauses

Purpose clauses generally follow a specific structure. The basic pattern involves a main clause followed by a subordinating conjunction or phrase and then the purpose clause itself.

Let’s examine the common structural components:

  1. Main Clause: This is the independent clause that expresses the main action or idea.
  2. Subordinating Conjunction/Phrase: This introduces the purpose clause and connects it to the main clause. Common examples include “to,” “so that,” “in order that,” “for,” and “with a view to.”
  3. Purpose Clause: This is the subordinate clause that explains the purpose of the action in the main clause. It typically contains a subject and a verb.

Here’s a breakdown of the structure using the example: “She studies hard so that she can pass the exam.”

  • Main Clause: She studies hard
  • Subordinating Conjunction: so that
  • Purpose Clause: she can pass the exam

Understanding this basic structure allows you to identify and construct purpose clauses effectively. The key is recognizing the subordinating conjunction or phrase and ensuring that the purpose clause clearly explains the reason behind the main action.

The tense used in the purpose clause often depends on the tense of the main clause, maintaining consistency in the overall meaning.

Types and Categories of Alternatives

There are various ways to express purpose in English, each with its own nuances and appropriate contexts. Here’s a breakdown of common alternatives to “in order to”:

To + Infinitive

Using “to” followed by the base form of a verb (infinitive) is one of the most common and straightforward ways to express purpose. It’s often used when the subject of both the main clause and the purpose clause is the same.

Example: “I went to the store to buy milk.”

So as to + Infinitive

“So as to” is a more formal alternative to “to” + infinitive. It emphasizes the intention or goal of the action.

It’s generally used in more formal writing and speech.

Example: “He arrived early so as to secure a good seat.”

So That + Clause

“So that” introduces a purpose clause that explains the reason for the action in the main clause. It’s followed by a subject and a verb and often includes a modal verb like “can,” “could,” “will,” or “would.”

Example: “She saved money so that she could travel the world.”

In Order That + Clause

“In order that” is a more formal version of “so that” and is used in similar contexts. It emphasizes the purpose or intention with a slightly stronger emphasis.

Example: “They studied the map carefully in order that they wouldn’t get lost.”

For + Noun/Gerund

“For” can be used to express purpose when followed by a noun or a gerund (verb + -ing). It indicates the intended use or reason for something.

Example: “This knife is for cutting vegetables.” or “This room is for storage.”

With a View To + Gerund

“With a view to” is a formal phrase used to express purpose, followed by a gerund. It suggests a specific aim or objective.

Example: “He invested in the company with a view to increasing his profits.”

With the Intention Of + Gerund

Similar to “with a view to,” “with the intention of” is a formal way to express purpose, followed by a gerund. It emphasizes the deliberate intention behind the action.

Example: “She enrolled in the course with the intention of improving her job prospects.”

For the Purpose Of + Gerund

This phrase explicitly states the purpose of an action, followed by a gerund. It’s a more formal and direct way to express purpose.

Example: “The funds were allocated for the purpose of building a new school.”

Lest + Clause

“Lest” is a formal and somewhat archaic conjunction used to express a negative purpose – to prevent something from happening. It’s often followed by “should” or the subjunctive mood.

Example: “He ran quickly lest he should miss the train.”

Examples of Alternative Phrases

To illustrate the use of these alternative phrases, let’s look at a variety of examples categorized by the specific phrase used.

The following table provides examples using “To + Infinitive”:

Sentence
I went to the library to study for my exam.
She exercises regularly to stay healthy.
He saved money to buy a new car.
They traveled to Italy to see the Colosseum.
We eat nutritious food to maintain our energy levels.
The company hired more staff to increase productivity.
The government implemented new policies to reduce pollution.
The chef added spices to enhance the flavor of the dish.
The athlete trained hard to win the competition.
The teacher used visual aids to help the students understand the lesson.
I am calling to ask about the job opening.
She woke up early to catch the sunrise.
He is learning Spanish to communicate with his clients in Mexico.
We are planting trees to improve air quality.
The doctor prescribed medication to relieve the patient’s pain.
The programmer wrote the code to solve the problem.
The artist painted the mural to beautify the neighborhood.
The musician practiced diligently to perfect his performance.
The scientist conducted the experiment to test the hypothesis.
The author wrote the book to share his knowledge.
I study everyday to improve my English skills.
He works hard to provide for his family.
She practices yoga to reduce stress.

The following table provides examples using “So as to + Infinitive”:

Sentence
He studied diligently so as to pass the exam.
She arrived early so as to get a good seat.
They saved money so as to travel the world.
We exercised regularly so as to maintain our health.
The company invested in new technology so as to increase efficiency.
The government implemented new regulations so as to protect the environment.
The chef used fresh ingredients so as to enhance the flavor.
The athlete followed a strict diet so as to improve performance.
The teacher provided extra support so as to help struggling students.
I called ahead so as to confirm the reservation.
She packed carefully so as to avoid extra baggage fees.
He practiced his speech so as to deliver it confidently.
We planned the trip meticulously so as to ensure a smooth journey.
The doctor examined the patient thoroughly so as to diagnose the condition accurately.
The programmer tested the code rigorously so as to identify any bugs.
The artist sketched the scene quickly so as to capture the fleeting light.
The musician rehearsed repeatedly so as to perfect the piece.
The scientist controlled the variables carefully so as to ensure accurate results.
The author revised the manuscript extensively so as to improve the clarity and flow.
He trained hard so as to be ready for the competition.
She prepared well so as to impress her boss.
I arrived so as to be on time for the meeting.
We left early so as to avoid traffic.

The following table provides examples using “So That + Clause”:

Sentence
He studies hard so that he can get good grades.
She saved money so that she could buy a house.
They exercised regularly so that they would stay healthy.
We planted trees so that we could improve air quality.
The company invested in new technology so that it could increase efficiency.
The government implemented new policies so that it would reduce pollution.
The chef used fresh ingredients so that the dish would taste better.
The athlete followed a strict diet so that he could improve his performance.
The teacher provided extra support so that the students could succeed.
I called ahead so that I would confirm the reservation.
She wore a coat so that she wouldn’t get cold.
He spoke clearly so that everyone could understand him.
We left early so that we wouldn’t be late.
The doctor prescribed medication so that the patient would feel better.
The programmer tested the code so that he could identify any errors.
The artist mixed the colors carefully so that the painting would look vibrant.
The musician practiced diligently so that she would perfect her performance.
The scientist conducted the experiment so that he could test his hypothesis.
The author revised the manuscript so that it would be more engaging.
The security guard watched carefully so that no one could enter without permission.
They whispered to each other so that no one else could hear.
He took notes so that he wouldn’t forget anything.
She set an alarm so that she would wake up on time.

The following table provides examples using “In Order That + Clause”:

Sentence
He studied diligently in order that he might pass the exam.
She saved money in order that she could travel the world.
They exercised regularly in order that they might stay healthy.
We planted trees in order that we might improve air quality.
The company invested in new technology in order that it might increase efficiency.
The government implemented new policies in order that it might reduce pollution.
The chef used fresh ingredients in order that the dish might taste better.
The athlete followed a strict diet in order that he could improve his performance.
The teacher provided extra support in order that the students could succeed.
I called ahead in order that I might confirm the reservation.
She wore a coat in order that she wouldn’t get cold.
He spoke clearly in order that everyone could understand him.
We left early in order that we wouldn’t be late.
The doctor prescribed medication in order that the patient would feel better.
The programmer tested the code in order that he could identify any errors.
The artist mixed the colors carefully in order that the painting would look vibrant.
The musician practiced diligently in order that she would perfect her performance.
The scientist conducted the experiment in order that he could test his hypothesis.
The author revised the manuscript in order that it would be more engaging.
The company invested in new machinery in order that it might increase its output.
The school organized extra classes in order that students could improve their grades.
The city council built new roads in order that traffic congestion might be reduced.
The charity launched a fundraising campaign in order that they could provide aid to the needy.

The following table provides examples using “For + Noun/Gerund”:

Sentence
This room is for storage.
This knife is for cutting vegetables.
This medicine is for relieving pain.
This tool is for fixing the car.
This area is for parking.
This book is for learning English.
This machine is for processing data.
This software is for managing projects.
This device is for measuring temperature.
This container is for holding water.
This bag is for carrying groceries.
This building is for housing the homeless.
This fund is for supporting education.
This project is for improving infrastructure.
This research is for discovering new treatments.
This initiative is for promoting sustainability.
This campaign is for raising awareness.
This program is for training employees.
This event is for celebrating the anniversary.
This website is for providing information.
These gloves are for protecting your hands.
This jacket is for keeping you warm.
These shoes are for running.

Usage Rules

Understanding the nuances of each phrase is crucial for using them correctly. Here are some key usage rules:

  • “To + Infinitive”: Use when the subject of both clauses is the same or when the subject of the purpose clause is general.
  • “So as to + Infinitive”: Prefer in formal contexts. Avoid using it when the subject of the main clause and purpose clause are different.
  • “So That + Clause” and “In Order That + Clause”: Use when the subject of the main clause and purpose clause might be different. Ensure the correct modal verb is used to express possibility or intention.
  • “For + Noun/Gerund”: Use to indicate the intended use of something. The gerund form is essential when using a verb.
  • “With a View To + Gerund” and “With the Intention Of + Gerund”: Use in formal situations to emphasize a specific aim or intention.
  • “Lest + Clause”: This is a more archaic form and should be used sparingly. Always use “should” or the subjunctive mood in the purpose clause.

When choosing between these options, consider the level of formality required and the specific meaning you want to convey. For example, “so as to” and “in order that” are more formal and emphasize intention more strongly than “to” + infinitive.

Common Mistakes

Here are some common mistakes to avoid when using these phrases:

  • Incorrect Use of “So as to”: Avoid using “so as to” when the subjects of the main clause and the purpose clause are different.
    • Incorrect: He gave her money so as to she could buy food.
    • Correct: He gave her money so that she could buy food.
  • Missing Modal Verb with “So That” and “In Order That”: Remember to include a modal verb like “can,” “could,” “will,” “would,” “may,” or “might” in the purpose clause.
    • Incorrect: She studies hard so that she pass the exam.
    • Correct: She studies hard so that she can pass the exam.
  • Incorrect Form After “For”: “For” should be followed by a noun or a gerund (verb + -ing), not an infinitive.
    • Incorrect: This tool is for fix the car.
    • Correct: This tool is for fixing the car.
  • Using “To” Instead of “So That/In Order That”: When the subjects of the main and subordinate clauses are different, “to” is not appropriate.
    • Incorrect: I gave him the key to he could open the door.
    • Correct: I gave him the key so that he could open the door.
  • Misusing “Lest”: “Lest” should only be used to express a negative purpose (to prevent something).
    • Incorrect: He studied hard lest he pass the exam.
    • Correct: He studied hard lest he should fail the exam.

By being aware of these common mistakes, you can avoid errors and use purpose clauses correctly and confidently.

Practice Exercises

Test your understanding with these practice exercises. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate phrase to express purpose.

Exercise 1: Choose the correct phrase from the options provided.

Question Options Answer
1. He went to the store ______ buy some milk. a) so that, b) to, c) for b) to
2. She saved money ______ she could travel to Europe. a) to, b) so that, c) for b) so that
3. This knife is ______ cutting vegetables. a) to, b) so as to, c) for c) for
4. They studied hard ______ pass the exam. a) so as to, b) for, c) to a) so as to
5. He ran quickly ______ he should miss the train. a) so that, b) lest, c) for b) lest
6. The company invested in training programs ______ improve employee skills. a) in order that, b) to, c) for b) to
7. She spoke clearly ______ everyone could understand her. a) to, b) so that, c) for b) so that
8. He exercised regularly ______ maintain his health. a) for, b) to, c) so that b) to
9. The funds were allocated ______ building a new school. a) to, b) so as to, c) for the purpose of c) for the purpose of
10. I am saving money ______ buy a new car. a) so that, b) to, c) for b) to

Exercise 2: Rewrite the following sentences using the phrase in parentheses.

Question Answer
1. He studied hard to pass the exam. (so that) He studied hard so that he could pass the exam.
2. She exercised regularly to stay healthy. (with a view to) She exercised regularly with a view to staying healthy.
3. They saved money so that they could travel the world. (in order to) They saved money in order to travel the world.
4. This room is for storing books. (to) This room is to store books.
5. He ran quickly to catch the bus. (lest) He ran quickly lest he should miss the bus.
6. She practiced the piano to improve her skills. (so as to) She practiced the piano so as to improve her skills.
7. The doctor prescribed medication so that the patient would recover. (in order that) The doctor prescribed medication in order that the patient would recover.
8. We planted trees to improve air quality. (with the intention of) We planted trees with the intention of improving air quality.
9. He locked the door so that no one could enter. (lest) He locked the door lest anyone should enter.
10. She studied hard to get good grades. (so as to) She studied hard so as to get good grades.

Advanced Topics

For advanced learners, exploring more nuanced aspects of purpose clauses can further enhance their understanding and usage. One such topic is the use of the subjunctive mood with “lest” and “in order that” in formal writing.

The subjunctive mood emphasizes the hypothetical or intended nature of the action in the purpose clause.

Another advanced concept involves the use of reduced purpose clauses in certain contexts. For example, instead of saying “He went to the store to buy milk,” you could say “He went to the store, buying milk.” This reduced form is more concise and can add stylistic variation to your writing.

Furthermore, analyzing the rhetorical effect of different purpose clause constructions can help you choose the most appropriate phrase for a given context. For instance, using “with a view to” or “for the purpose of” can lend a more formal and professional tone to your writing, while “to” + infinitive is generally more informal and direct.

FAQ

  1. What is the difference between “so that” and “in order that”?

    “So that” and “in order that” are very similar, but “in order that” is generally considered more formal. Both introduce a purpose clause and are followed by a subject and a verb, often with a modal verb.

  2. When should I use “to” + infinitive instead of “so that”?

    Use “to” + infinitive when the subject of the main clause and the purpose clause is the same or when the subject of the purpose clause is general. Use “so that” when the subjects might be different.

  3. Is it always necessary to use a modal verb with “so that” and “in order that”?

    While not always grammatically required, using a modal verb (like “can,” “could,” “will,” “would,” “may,” “might”) is common and often clarifies the intended meaning, especially when expressing possibility or intention.

  4. Can I use “for” with a verb?

    Yes, but only with the gerund form (verb + -ing). “For” is followed by a noun or a gerund to express purpose.

  5. What does “lest” mean, and how is it used?

    “Lest” means “in order that… not” or “to prevent something from happening.” It’s a formal conjunction used to express a negative purpose and is often followed by “should” or the subjunctive mood.

  6. Are “with a view to” and “with the intention of” interchangeable?

    Yes, they are largely interchangeable and both convey a formal tone, emphasizing a specific aim or intention. They are both followed by a gerund.

  7. Why is it important to use alternatives to “in order to”?

    Using a variety of phrases to express purpose makes your writing and speech more engaging and sophisticated. It also allows you to convey subtle differences in meaning and formality.

  8. How can I improve my understanding of purpose clauses?

    Practice identifying and constructing purpose clauses in different contexts. Pay attention to how native speakers use these phrases and try to incorporate them into your own writing and speech. Reviewing grammar rules and examples regularly can also be helpful.

Conclusion

Mastering alternatives to “in order to” is essential for enhancing your English language skills. By understanding the nuances of each phrase and practicing their usage, you can express purpose with greater clarity, precision, and sophistication.

This not only improves your writing and speaking abilities but also allows you to communicate more effectively in various contexts.

Remember to consider the level of formality, the intended meaning, and the subject of the clauses when choosing the appropriate phrase. Pay attention to common mistakes and strive to avoid them in your own writing.

With consistent practice, you’ll be able to confidently use these alternatives and elevate your overall communication skills. Continue to seek out examples and practice using these phrases in real-world scenarios to solidify your understanding.

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Patricia Miller
Patricia Miller
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